A seaman — so called because of the legal view that a seaman, in contractual matters, should be treated as a beneficiary and the other contracting party as a fiduciary because of the perceived inequitability of their bargaining positions. [Cases: Seamen 1. C.J.S. Seamen §§ 6, 216–219.]
ward. 1. A person, usu. a minor, who is under a guardian’s charge or protection. See GUARDIAN(1). [Cases: Guardian and Ward 1, 9. 5.] permanent ward. A ward who has been assigned a permanent guardian, the rights of the natural parents having been terminated by a juvenile court. [Cases: Guardian and Ward 9.5; Infants 155.]
warden of the cinque ports (singk ports). Hist. A magistrate with jurisdiction over the five cinque ports. • This office was created in imitation of the Roman policy of strengthening coasts against enemies. The warden, formally called the Lord Warden, presided over the Court of the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, which was created
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Lord High Admiral (1)〈英〉海军事务大臣 旧时英国的海军最高统帅。按Admiral这一称号原意为战舰司令，公元1295年英王首次任命了一位官员担任此职。大约在1360年以前，担任此职的官员只充当舰队司令，并无司法权限。英王爱德华一世〔Edward Ⅰ〕时，据信曾存在四位分别管辖四海〔four seas〕的舰队司令，直至1360年英王始任命了一位统辖全国舰队的司令，1412年被称为「英格兰、爱尔兰及阿基坦海军司令」〔Admiral of England, Ireland and Acquitaine〕。1540年开始出现了「海军大臣」〔Lord Admiral〕的称号。1619年白金汉〔Buckingham〕被任命为海军大臣，负责当时海军委员会〔Navy Board〕的船舰的管理和维修任务。1638年开始有了「海军事务大臣」〔Lord High Admiral〕的称号。但海军事务大臣的职权除1827-1828年外一直由海军委员会〔Board of Admiralty〕行使(海军事务大臣的头衔虽由女王伊丽莎白二世〔Elizabeth Ⅱ〕恢复并自任该职，但只是一种荣誉称号)。19世纪中，海军大臣〔First Lord of the Admiralty〕接替了海军委员会首长〔the first commissioner of the Board of Admiralty〕的职务。现「海军大臣」的官职已于1964年废止，由国防大臣〔Secretary of State for Defence〕取代。 (2)〈苏格兰〉海军事务大臣 旧时苏格兰的海军统帅及管理港口与海岸的高级官员，同时亦对海事案件拥有司法管辖权。现苏格兰已无此项官职。
dispatch money. Maritime law. An amount paid by a shipowner to a vessel’s charterer if the vessel’s cargo is unloaded at the port sooner than provided for in the agreement between the charterer and the shipowner. — Also termed dispatch. Cf. contract demurrage under DEMURRAGE. [Cases: Shipping 49(6). C.J.S. Shipping § 108.] “Some charters contain
Cinque Ports (singk ports). [Fr. “five ports”] The five English ports — Hastings, Romney, Hythe, Dover, and Sandwich — that were important defenses against French invasion. • They received special privileges and were obliged to furnish a certain number of ships for use in war. See COURT OF SHEPWAY. “Cinque ports … are those special
hovering act. Int’l law. A statute applying to a coastal country’s criminal jurisdiction over ships, and persons aboard those ships, when the ships are outside the country’s territory. “The notion of hovering acts evolved long before that of a belt of uniform width in the form of territorial waters. Great Britain’s first anti-smuggling legislation to